Garnier, Jean-Guillaume (1766-1840)

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French mathematician, born in Reims on 13 September 1776 and died in Ixelles on 20 December 1840.


Biography

Garnier spent his childhood in his native Reims, where he attended school at the local college. He studied mathematics at the Academy of Reims. The young man then moved to Paris where he studied chemistry, botany, physics and mathematics. [1] In 1789, he became professor of mathematics at the Military Academy of Colmar. After the closure of this institution in 1789, the mathematician returned to Paris to continue his studies. While commenting on the Architecture hydraulique by the renowned engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor, he came into contact with the engineer Gaspard de Prony (1755-1839). The latter was director general of the French cadastre. At his suggestion, Garnier was appointed chief of the geometry division at this institution. He remained in office until 20 April 1797.

From 1794 to 1798, Garnier was appointed by the French government as examiner for the aspirants at the École polytechnique of Paris. [2] From 20 April 1798 to 8 January 1802, he assisted Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) there. On 17 April 1798, he replaced Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) on the chair on analysis. [3] On 8 September 1803, Garnier joined the Lyceum of Rouen as professor of higher mathematics. On 3 September 1814, he was transferred to Saint-Cyr, where he taught the same subject. When William I established the state universities, including the one in Ghent in 1816, Garnier was offered a position as professor of mathematics and physical astronomy. Since the offer also gave him the chance to leave his turbulent homeland, he eagerly accepted. In time, Garnier also taught the subjects of mathematical astronomy, higher mathematics, hydraulics and hydrostatics. His pupils included Quetelet (1796-1874), Jean Timmermans (1801-1864), Pierre-François Verhulst (1804-1849), Jean François Lemaire (1797-1852), Daniel Mareska (1803-1858) and Charles Morren (1807-1858). [4] In the academic year 1817-1818 and again in 1820-1821, Garnier was dean of the Faculty of Sciences. In 1822-1823, he sat as rector of the university.

After the Belgian revolution and the subsequent temporary reorganisation of the universities (16 September 1830), the Faculty of Sciences at Ghent University was abolished. Garnier was laid off - he was by now in his mid-sixties - initially without the right to a pension. Only in 1837 did he retroactively obtain the pension money to which he was entitled. Garnier, meanwhile, had been appointed a member of the examination committee of the Faculty of Letters and director of the Physics Cabinet. After the law of 30 September 1835, which regulated the reorganisation of higher education, Garnier was no longer included in the professorial corps.

Garnier was elected a member of the Académie royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles on 7 May 1818. He was a member of the Société philomathique of Paris, of the Société royale des beaux-arts et de littérature de Gand, of the Provincial Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences, of the Société des sciences, d'agriculture et des arts de Lille, of the Société des sciences physiques et chimiques de Paris and was a corresponding member of the first class of physics and mathematics at the Institut historique de Paris. [5]


Works

The majority of the works published by Garnier are directly related to the subjects he taught and were intended for his students.

In 1825, he founded the journal Correspondance mathématique et physique with Lambert-Adolphe-Jacques Quetelet and collaborated on the first two volumes [6], Garnier was also one of the founders of Annales belgiques. [7].


Publications


Publications at the academy

  • Mémoire sur les Machines, in Nouveaux mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles, vol. 1, Brussel: P.J. De Mat, 1820, p. 103-136. In dit traktaat boog Garnier zich onder meer over de aard van warmte en over wat nu precies wordt behouden in de wet van het behoud, kwesties die op dit moment de wetenschapswereld begonnen te beroeren.


Bibliography



Notes

  1. Adolphe Quetelet, "Notice sur Jean-Guillaume Garnier", in: Annuaire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles, 7 (1841),161.
  2. Aug. Vander Meersch, "Garnier (Jean-Guillaume)", in Biographie Nationale, 7 (1880-1883), 493.
  3. Quetelet, "Notice sur Jean-Guillaume Garnier", 185-187.
  4. Quetelet "Notice sur Jean-Guillaume Garnier", 161-208.
  5. Vander Meersch, "Garnier (Jean-Guillaume)", 495.
  6. Hossam Elkhadem, "Histoire de la Correspondance mathématique et physique d'après les lettres de Jean-Guillaume Garnier et Adolphe Quetelet," in: Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques de l'Académie royale de Belgique, 64 (1978), 316-366 en Jean Mascart, La vie et les travaux du chevalier Jean-Charles de Borda, 1733-1799: épisodes de la vie scientifique au XVIIIe siècle, Parijs: Presses Paris Sorbonne, 2000, 562. See also the science story on Bestor: La Correspondance, the oldest Belgian science journal‏‎ .
  7. Vander Meersch, "Garnier (Jean-Guillaume)", 496.